![]() ![]() Owing to their nonspecific character, these symptoms are not often recognized as signs of HIV infection. The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks. Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain–Barré syndrome also occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea may occur. Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage. The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular, classically. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include fever, large tender lymph nodes, throat inflammation, a rash, headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals. ![]() Many individuals develop an influenza-like illness or a mononucleosis-like illness 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms. The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years. Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. While there is no broadly available cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Gates Foundation have pledged $200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS. HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic-a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. An estimated 20.6 million of these people live in eastern and southern Africa. In 2021, there were 650,000 deaths and about 38 million people worldwide living with HIV. Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2021, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 40 million deaths worldwide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause-HIV infection-was identified in the early part of the decade. HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid 20th century. ![]() It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s. The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion, including the Catholic Church's position not to support condom use as prevention. There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease also has large economic impacts. Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication. Methods of prevention include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, as well as both pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Oral sex has little to no risk of transmitting the virus. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat and tears, do not transmit the virus. HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and vaginal sex), contaminated hypodermic needles or blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). If the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are rare in people who have normal immune function. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus. Near normal life expectancy with treatment ġ1 years life expectancy without treatment Ħ4.4 million – 113 million total cases Safe sex, needle exchange, male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis Unprotected anal or vaginal sex, having another sexually transmitted infection, needle sharing, medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing, and experiencing needlestick injury Later: Large lymph nodes, fever, weight loss The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. ![]()
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